![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/cod-wasterwater.jpg\")
<\/p>\n1. \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u064a\u0698\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064a\u06cc (COD)?<\/h2>\n
COD \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0628 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0631:<\/p>\n
- \n
- \u067e\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u0646 \u0648 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc.<\/li>\n
- \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0647:<\/strong> \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639 percolating \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u06a9.<\/li>\n
- \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0630\u0627\u06cc\u06cc & \u0622\u0634\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0628:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u0648 canneries.<\/li>\n
- \u0646\u0633\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u063a\u0630 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0632:<\/strong> \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u06cc.<\/li>\n
- \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0647:<\/strong> \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n
- \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0622\u0634\u067e\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0636\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u06cc.<\/li>\n
- \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc:<\/strong> \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 COD \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 (DO) \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628\u0632\u06cc. \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 COD \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n 2. \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0631 COD \u0633\u0637\u062d \u061f<\/h2>\n
\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 COD \u062a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0698\u06cc:<\/p>\n
- \n
- \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635: \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u2014\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0634\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u06cc \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u2014\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0631\u062e \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n
- \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f: \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n
- \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 COD \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u06af\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc.<\/li>\n
- \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u06cc: \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0622\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/COD-Wastewater-Treatment.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n 3. \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc Oxygen Demand (BOD)?<\/h2>\n
- \n
- \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 BOD \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n
- \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 BOD \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n
- \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc:<\/strong> \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 BOD \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0698\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u0628 \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0633\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n
\n 4. \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 COD \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/h2>\n
4.1 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0648 \u067e\u064a\u0634<\/h3>\n
- \n
- \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u06cc\u06a9:<\/strong> \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 (\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0628 \u0634\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0648) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0645\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n
- \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u0647\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n
- \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0631\u06cc & \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u0646:<\/strong> \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 COD \u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4.2 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f & Flocculation<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f flocs:<\/p>\n
- \n
- \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f:<\/strong> \u062f\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u0647\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u06a9 (\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0644\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0646\u062b\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0648-flocs.<\/li>\n
- Flocculation:<\/strong> \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0634\u062f flocs \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u06cc\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0622\u0644\u06cc; trade-offs \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0644\u062c\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0632\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n
4.3 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646<\/h3>\n
\u0642\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631. \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u0634 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n
4.4 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n
\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0636\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n
- \n
- \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 (DO): \u062d\u0641\u0638 >2 mg\/L \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0628\u06cc.<\/li>\n
- SRT\/MLSS \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644: \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0637, \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628, \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n
- pH \u0648 \u062f\u0645\u0627: \u0646\u06af\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631 6.5\u20138.0 \u0648 15-30 \u00b0C \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062f\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4.5 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc: mbbr \u067e\u0633\u0627<\/h3>\n
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (mbbr \u067e\u0633\u0627) \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634 \u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645. \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n
4.6 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633 (RO)<\/h3>\n
\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc RO \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc:<\/p>\n
- \n
- \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u062f \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0622\u0644\u06cc.<\/li>\n
- Antiscalant \u062f\u0648\u0632: \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n
- \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a: \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u062f \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 COD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4.7 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 COD \u0633\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648 SCADA \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 COD \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u06cc BOD \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n 5. \u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 (\u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e)<\/h2>\n
- \n
- Q1: \u0686\u0631\u0627 COD \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u06cc?<\/dt>\n
- \u06cc\u06a9: \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0630\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u063a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/dd>\n
- Q2: \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 COD \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u061f<\/dt>\n
- \u06cc\u06a9: \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u062f COD \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0628\u06cc \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632.<\/dd>\n
- Q3: \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 flocculants \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 COD?<\/dt>\n
- \u06cc\u06a9: \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 flocs \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u0644 \u0648 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646, \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/dd>\n
- Q4: \u0645\u06cc COD \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f?<\/dt>\n
- \u06cc\u06a9: \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 COD \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647.<\/dd>\n
- Q5: \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 COD \u0648 TOC?<\/dt>\n
- \u06cc\u06a9: COD \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0647 oxidizable \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u0622\u0644\u06cc & \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u06cc) \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 TOC quantifies \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644.<\/dd>\n
- Q6: \u0686\u0647 \u0641\u0646 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 COD?<\/dt>\n
- \u06cc\u06a9: \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 (AOPs), mbbr \u067e\u0633\u0627 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0633 (MBR) \u0648 \u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0647\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/dd>\n
- Q7: \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f COD \u0628\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u061f<\/dt>\n
- \u06cc\u06a9: \u0641\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639; \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0641\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/section>\n
\n 6. \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n
- \n
- \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647 & \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n
- \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n
- \u0644\u062c\u0646 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647.<\/li>\n
- \u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u06cc \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n
\n 7. \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0647 \u06af\u064a\u0631\u06cc<\/h2>\n
\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 COD \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u2014\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0634 \u0644\u0628\u0647 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0644. \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0641\u0646 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648 RO \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f mbbr \u067e\u0633\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc. \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0628\u0632 \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a important water-quality parameter that quantifies the total amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize both dissolved and particulate organic matter. High COD levels can deplete dissolved oxygen, threaten aquatic life, and expose industries to regulatory surcharges. This guide covers why COD matters, how to measure it, and a full […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":14505,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_titles_title":"Comprehensive Strategies for Reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in Wastewater Treatment","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"","_seopress_social_fb_desc":"","_seopress_social_fb_img":"","_seopress_social_fb_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_height":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_title":"","_seopress_social_twitter_desc":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_height":0,"_seopress_redirections_value":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled_regex":"","_seopress_redirections_logged_status":"both","_seopress_redirections_param":"","_seopress_redirections_type":301,"_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14488","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water-treatment"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14488","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14488"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14488\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14508,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14488\/revisions\/14508"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14505"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14488"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14488"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbbr-media.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14488"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- Flocculation:<\/strong> \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0634\u062f flocs \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u06cc\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u0647\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n
- \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 BOD \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n
- \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 BOD \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n
- \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0647:<\/strong> \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639 percolating \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u06a9.<\/li>\n